📘 UGC NET Paper 1 – Unit IX: People, Development and Environment (संपूर्ण टॉपिक तालिका)
नीचे सभी विषय बॉक्स फॉर्मेट में दिए गए हैं। प्रत्येक लेक्चर से जुड़े विस्तृत नोट्स के लिए "यहाँ क्लिक करें" लिंक में बाद में 1000+ शब्दों के लेख जोड़े जा सकते हैं।
🧭 Table of Contents – ICT & Environment Lectures (UGC NET Paper 1)
Click on each topic to jump directly to the full bilingual lecture with examples and MCQs.
| Lecture | Topic | Jump Link |
|---|---|---|
| 01 | Introduction to ICT | Go to Lecture |
| 02 | Human & Environment Interaction (Anthropogenic Impact) | Go to Lecture |
| 03 | Environmental Issues – Air, Water, Soil Pollution | Go to Lecture |
| 04 | Noise, Biomedical, Electronic & Hazardous Waste | Go to Lecture |
| 05 | Climate Change – Socio-Economic & Political Impact | Go to Lecture |
| 06 | Impact of Pollutants on Human Health | Go to Lecture |
| 07 | Natural & Energy Resources – Solar, Wind, Hydro | Go to Lecture |
| 08 | Natural Hazards & Disaster Mitigation | Go to Lecture |
| 09 | EPA 1986, NGT, NAPCC | Go to Lecture |
| 10 | International Agreements (1972–2025) | Go to Lecture |
📝 Note: हर लेक्चर हिंदी और अंग्रेज़ी दोनों में है, साथ में MCQs और परीक्षा के लिए उपयुक्त उदाहरण शामिल हैं। यह सारणी UGC NET, GATE, शिक्षक भर्ती और पर्यावरणीय जागरूकता कार्यक्रमों के लिए अत्यंत उपयोगी है।
| Lecture 01: Development and Environment – MDGs & SDGs | 📘 यहाँ क्लिक करें |
| Goal | Title | Objective |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | No Poverty | End poverty in all its forms everywhere |
| 2 | Zero Hunger | End hunger, achieve food security, and improved nutrition |
| 3 | Good Health & Well-being | Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all |
| 4 | Quality Education | Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education |
| 5 | Gender Equality | Achieve gender equality and empower women and girls |
| 8 | Decent Work & Economic Growth | Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth |
| 9 | Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure | Build resilient infrastructure and foster innovation |
| 10 | Reduced Inequalities | Reduce income inequality within and among countries |
| 16 | Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions | Promote peaceful and inclusive societies |
| 17 | Partnerships for the Goals | Revitalize global partnership for sustainable development |
🎯 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion):
सभी 17 SDGs विकास और पर्यावरण के बीच संतुलन बनाने की दिशा में प्रयास करते हैं। पर्यावरणीय लक्ष्यों की जानकारी UGC NET, सिविल सेवा और शिक्षण परीक्षाओं के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: UN SDGs + UGC NET Environment Syllabus
🔁 Difference: MDGs vs SDGs
| Point | MDGs | SDGs |
|---|---|---|
| Adoption Year | 2000 | 2015 |
| Number of Goals | 8 | 17 |
| Focus | Developing Nations | Universal (All Nations) |
| Time Frame | 15 years (2000–2015) | 15 years (2015–2030) |
📘 MCQs for Practice (UGC NET)
-
How many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are there?
(a) 8
(b) 10
(c) 17
(d) 20
Answer: (c) 17 -
Which SDG goal focuses on climate action?
(a) Goal 13
(b) Goal 7
(c) Goal 10
(d) Goal 17
Answer: (a) Goal 13 -
The MDGs were targeted to be achieved by the year:
(a) 2020
(b) 2010
(c) 2015
(d) 2005
Answer: (c) 2015
📌 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
पर्यावरणीय नीति और विकास का समन्वय 21वीं सदी की सबसे बड़ी चुनौती है। UGC NET परीक्षा में MDGs और SDGs से जुड़े तथ्यात्मक और विश्लेषणात्मक प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं, अतः छात्रों को इनकी व्यापक जानकारी होनी चाहिए।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: UN SDG Reports, NITI Aayog SDG Index, UGC NET Syllabus:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
📘 Lecture 02: Human and Environment Interaction – Anthropogenic Impact | मानव और पर्यावरण पर मानवीय प्रभाव
English: Human activities such as deforestation, industrialization, and overpopulation have drastically altered natural ecosystems. These man-made (anthropogenic) interventions cause serious environmental problems, including climate change and loss of biodiversity.
हिंदी: वनों की कटाई, औद्योगीकरण, और अत्यधिक जनसंख्या जैसे मानवीय कार्यों ने प्राकृतिक पारिस्थितिक तंत्र को गहराई से प्रभावित किया है। ऐसे मानवीय हस्तक्षेप (Anthropogenic Impact) पर्यावरणीय असंतुलन, जलवायु परिवर्तन और जैव विविधता की हानि के कारण बनते हैं।
🌿 Major Anthropogenic Activities
- 🌲 Deforestation: Forests cleared for agriculture, logging, or infrastructure, causing habitat loss & carbon imbalance.
- 🏭 Industrialization: Emission of pollutants, increased energy consumption, acid rain, water contamination.
- 🏘️ Urbanization: Land-use change, heat island effect, strain on resources, increased waste generation.
- 🚗 Transportation: Fossil fuel consumption, GHG emissions, noise and air pollution.
- 🚯 Plastic Pollution: Non-biodegradable waste in oceans and landfills.
🧬 Effects on Environment
- 🔥 Climate Change – Global warming, erratic weather, rising sea levels
- 💧 Water Crisis – Overuse and pollution of freshwater sources
- 🦜 Biodiversity Loss – Extinction of species due to habitat destruction
- 🦠 Emerging Diseases – Ecosystem imbalance leading to zoonotic diseases
- 🌪️ Natural Disasters – Increased frequency and intensity of floods, droughts
📖 Case Examples
- 🔍 Amazon Deforestation – For cattle ranching and soy farming
- 🔍 Ganga River Pollution – Due to industrial and urban sewage discharge
- 🔍 Bhopal Gas Tragedy – Industrial negligence and long-term ecological impact
📘 Important Terms
- Anthropocene: Current geological epoch shaped by human activity
- Carrying Capacity: Maximum population size that the environment can sustain
- Ecological Footprint: Human demand on nature vs earth’s regenerative capacity
🧠 MCQs – Practice Questions
-
Which of the following is an anthropogenic cause of climate change?
(a) Volcanic eruption
(b) Deforestation
(c) Ocean currents
(d) Earthquakes
Answer: (b) Deforestation -
What is the main reason for biodiversity loss?
(a) Reforestation
(b) Soil erosion
(c) Habitat destruction
(d) Ecotourism
Answer: (c) Habitat destruction -
The term 'Anthropocene' refers to:
(a) Prehistoric era
(b) Human-induced age
(c) Age of dinosaurs
(d) Ice age
Answer: (b) Human-induced age
📌 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
मानव गतिविधियाँ यदि बिना संतुलन के की जाएँ तो पर्यावरणीय असंतुलन, पारिस्थितिकीय संकट और मानव स्वास्थ्य पर दीर्घकालिक प्रभाव डाल सकती हैं। UGC NET परीक्षा में Anthropogenic Impact से जुड़े तथ्यात्मक व अवधारणात्मक प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: UNEP, IPCC, UGC NET Environment Syllabus:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
📘 Lecture 03: Environmental Issues – Local to Global | पर्यावरणीय समस्याएँ – स्थानीय से वैश्विक (वायु, जल, मृदा प्रदूषण)
English: Pollution is one of the most pressing global issues, affecting air, water, and soil resources. It is caused by both natural and human-made sources. Understanding types, causes, and control measures of pollution is essential in environmental studies and UGC NET.
हिंदी: प्रदूषण एक गंभीर वैश्विक समस्या है जो वायु, जल, मृदा और जैव विविधता को प्रभावित करती है। इसके स्रोत प्राकृतिक और मानवीय दोनों हो सकते हैं। UGC NET सहित विभिन्न परीक्षाओं में प्रदूषण के प्रकारों, कारणों और नियंत्रण विधियों से जुड़े प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं।
🌫️ Air Pollution (वायु प्रदूषण)
- Causes: Vehicular emissions, industrial discharge, burning of fossil fuels, crop stubble burning
- Major Pollutants: Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10), NOx, SOx, CO, Ozone (O₃)
- Impacts: Respiratory diseases, acid rain, smog formation, depletion of ozone layer
- Control: Use of catalytic converters, CNG vehicles, green belts, stricter emission norms
🌊 Water Pollution (जल प्रदूषण)
- Causes: Industrial waste discharge, sewage, fertilizers & pesticides runoff, plastic dumping
- Major Pollutants: Heavy metals (Mercury, Lead), nitrates, phosphates, microplastics
- Impacts: Water-borne diseases (cholera, typhoid), aquatic ecosystem damage, groundwater pollution
- Control: STPs (Sewage Treatment Plants), effluent treatment, rainwater harvesting, ban on single-use plastic
🪨 Soil Pollution (मृदा प्रदूषण)
- Causes: Overuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, industrial waste dumping, landfills
- Pollutants: Arsenic, cadmium, DDT, oil spills, heavy metals
- Impacts: Loss of soil fertility, food chain contamination, desertification
- Control: Organic farming, phytoremediation, composting, waste segregation
🌐 Local to Global Impact
- 🌍 Global Warming – Due to CO₂ and methane emissions
- ❄️ Melting Glaciers – Rising sea levels and climate refugees
- 🐠 Coral Bleaching – Due to ocean acidification
- 💨 Transboundary Pollution – Air/water pollutants crossing borders (example: Acid rain in Europe)
📘 Important Policies & Acts
- Environment Protection Act (1986)
- Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974)
- Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981)
- National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
🧠 MCQs – Practice Questions for UGC NET
-
Which pollutant is mainly responsible for acid rain?
(a) CO₂
(b) NO₂ and SO₂
(c) Methane
(d) Ozone
Answer: (b) NO₂ and SO₂ -
The Ganga Action Plan was started to address:
(a) Air pollution
(b) Soil erosion
(c) River water pollution
(d) Marine oil spills
Answer: (c) River water pollution -
Which pollutant affects the ozone layer most?
(a) CO₂
(b) CFCs
(c) SO₂
(d) NO
Answer: (b) CFCs
📌 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
स्थानीय प्रदूषण वैश्विक पर्यावरणीय संकटों में बदल सकते हैं। प्रदूषण की रोकथाम में व्यक्तिगत जिम्मेदारी और नीति निर्माण दोनों की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका है। UGC NET परीक्षा में इनसे जुड़े वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: CPCB, UNEP, UGC NET Environment Syllabus:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
📘 Lecture 04: Noise, Biomedical, Electronic & Hazardous Waste | ध्वनि, जैव-चिकित्सकीय, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक और खतरनाक अपशिष्ट
English: Modern lifestyle has increased non-degradable and toxic waste generation. From hospital waste to e-waste and hazardous chemicals, each type poses severe risks to human and environmental health. Proper management and legislation are essential.
हिंदी: आधुनिक जीवनशैली ने कई प्रकार के अपशिष्ट उत्पन्न किए हैं – जैव चिकित्सीय, इलेक्ट्रॉनिक, ध्वनि प्रदूषण और खतरनाक रसायन। इनका उचित प्रबंधन न केवल मानव स्वास्थ्य बल्कि पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र की रक्षा के लिए अनिवार्य है।
🔊 Noise Pollution (ध्वनि प्रदूषण)
- Sources: Traffic, loudspeakers, construction, industries, firecrackers
- Impact: Hearing loss, sleep disturbance, hypertension, reduced productivity
- Permissible Limits: 55 dB (day) and 45 dB (night) in residential areas
- Control Measures: Sound barriers, green buffers, regulations under Environment Protection Act (1986)
🧫 Biomedical Waste (जैव-चिकित्सकीय अपशिष्ट)
- Definition: Waste generated from hospitals, clinics, labs, etc.
- Examples: Needles, body fluids, human tissues, contaminated cotton, expired medicines
- Risks: Infections (HIV, Hepatitis B/C), injury, environmental contamination
- Management: Biomedical Waste Management Rules (2016), segregation at source, yellow/red/blue/white color-coded bins
📱 E-Waste (इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अपशिष्ट)
- Definition: Discarded electronic devices – computers, TVs, mobiles, batteries
- Toxic Elements: Lead, mercury, cadmium, flame retardants
- Impact: Soil & groundwater contamination, nervous system damage, bioaccumulation
- Management: E-Waste Management Rules (2016), Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), recycling via authorized agencies
☣️ Hazardous Waste (खतरनाक अपशिष्ट)
- Definition: Waste that poses threat to health or environment – chemical, flammable, toxic, corrosive
- Examples: Industrial solvents, pesticides, acids, heavy metals
- Legislation: Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
- Control: Safe transportation, storage, incineration, treatment plants
📘 Waste Color Coding (Biomedical Example)
- 🟡 Yellow – Human/animal tissues, body fluids
- 🔴 Red – Contaminated plastics
- 🔵 Blue – Broken glass, vials
- ⚪ White – Sharps (needles, scalpels)
🧠 MCQs – Practice Questions
-
What is the safe noise level for residential areas during daytime?
(a) 45 dB
(b) 55 dB
(c) 65 dB
(d) 75 dB
Answer: (b) 55 dB -
Which rule governs e-waste in India?
(a) Solid Waste Rules
(b) E-Waste Management Rules
(c) Biomedical Waste Rules
(d) Clean Energy Act
Answer: (b) E-Waste Management Rules -
What does the yellow bin in hospitals typically collect?
(a) Plastic wrappers
(b) Human tissues
(c) Broken glass
(d) Syringes
Answer: (b) Human tissues
📌 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
सभी प्रकार के खतरनाक अपशिष्टों के प्रभाव गंभीर होते हैं। उचित प्रबंधन, जागरूकता और कानूनी नियमन से पर्यावरणीय और स्वास्थ्य संबंधी संकटों को टाला जा सकता है। UGC NET में इनके प्रकार, नियम और प्रभाव पर आधारित प्रश्नों की उच्च संभावना रहती है।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: MoEFCC Guidelines, CPCB Reports, UGC NET Syllabus:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
📘 Lecture 05: Climate Change – Socio-Economic & Political Impact | जलवायु परिवर्तन – सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक प्रभाव
English: Climate change refers to long-term alterations in global weather patterns. It is one of the most urgent threats to global sustainability. Its effects are not just environmental but deeply socio-economic and political, affecting livelihoods, governance, and international relations.
हिंदी: जलवायु परिवर्तन का अर्थ है दीर्घकालीन वैश्विक मौसमीय बदलाव। यह केवल पर्यावरणीय नहीं, बल्कि सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक संरचनाओं पर भी गहरा प्रभाव डालता है। यह आज की सबसे बड़ी वैश्विक चुनौतियों में से एक है।
🌡️ Causes of Climate Change (कारण)
- Greenhouse Gases: CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, CFCs
- Fossil fuel burning for electricity, transport, industry
- Deforestation and land-use changes
- Industrial emissions, agriculture, and livestock
👨👩👧👦 Socio-Economic Impacts (सामाजिक और आर्थिक प्रभाव)
- 🌾 Agriculture: Decreased crop yield, erratic rainfall, droughts, floods
- 💼 Livelihoods: Impact on fishing, farming, forest dwellers
- 🏥 Health: Rise in diseases like dengue, malaria, heatstroke
- 🏘️ Migration: Climate refugees due to rising seas, desertification
- 📉 Economy: Loss of productivity, increased disaster costs
⚖️ Political Impact
- 🛑 Global inequality in emission responsibilities
- 🤝 North vs South debate on finance & technology transfer
- 🏛️ Creation of international climate treaties & legal frameworks
- 📊 National policies and party politics shaped by climate agenda
🌐 Major Climate Agreements
- Kyoto Protocol (1997): Legally binding emission reduction for developed countries
- Paris Agreement (2015): Aim to limit global temperature rise to below 2°C
- UNFCCC (1992): Framework for international cooperation on climate
- India's Contribution: INDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions), International Solar Alliance
📊 Climate Change Indexes & Tools
- Global Climate Risk Index
- Carbon Intensity (kg CO₂ per GDP)
- Climate Vulnerability Index
📘 Climate Change and India
- Increased heatwaves, glacier retreat in Himalayas
- Changes in monsoon patterns and water scarcity
- Programs like National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
- State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs)
🧠 MCQs – Practice Questions
-
Which international agreement aims to limit global temperature rise?
(a) Montreal Protocol
(b) Kyoto Protocol
(c) Paris Agreement
(d) UNCCD
Answer: (c) Paris Agreement -
What is the major greenhouse gas emitted by human activity?
(a) CH₄
(b) N₂O
(c) CO₂
(d) O₃
Answer: (c) CO₂ -
Which Indian initiative focuses on renewable energy and climate cooperation?
(a) Make in India
(b) Digital India
(c) International Solar Alliance
(d) Atal Innovation Mission
Answer: (c) International Solar Alliance
📌 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
जलवायु परिवर्तन केवल पर्यावरण की समस्या नहीं बल्कि एक सामाजिक, राजनीतिक और आर्थिक संकट भी है। इसे समझना और नियंत्रित करना वैश्विक समन्वय और नीति-निर्माण का सबसे बड़ा लक्ष्य है। UGC NET परीक्षा में इससे संबंधित वस्तुनिष्ठ और विश्लेषणात्मक प्रश्न बार-बार पूछे जाते हैं।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: IPCC, UNFCCC, UGC NET Environment Syllabus:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
📘 Lecture 06: Impact of Pollutants on Human Health | प्रदूषकों का मानव स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव
English: Environmental pollution is a major cause of diseases worldwide. Exposure to air, water, noise, and chemical pollutants can cause both short-term discomfort and long-term chronic diseases. Understanding these links is vital for sustainable development and public health.
हिंदी: पर्यावरणीय प्रदूषण, विशेष रूप से वायु, जल, ध्वनि और रसायनों का संपर्क, अनेक प्रकार की बीमारियों का प्रमुख कारण बनता जा रहा है। अल्पकालिक और दीर्घकालिक दोनों प्रकार के प्रभाव मानव जीवन की गुणवत्ता को प्रभावित करते हैं।
🌫️ Air Pollution & Health
- Pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃
- Diseases: Asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, COPD, cardiovascular problems
- Special Vulnerable Groups: Children, elderly, pregnant women
- Mechanism: Pollutants damage alveoli, reduce oxygen absorption, cause inflammation
🌊 Water Pollution & Health
- Contaminants: Heavy metals (lead, arsenic, mercury), nitrates, pesticides, pathogens
- Diseases: Cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, diarrhea, fluorosis, cancer (arsenic poisoning)
- Mechanism: Waterborne diseases spread via contaminated drinking water and poor sanitation
🧫 Chemical Pollutants (Heavy Metals, Pesticides)
- Lead: Neurological damage, especially in children (IQ loss)
- Mercury: Kidney, brain damage
- Cadmium: Bone softening, lung issues
- Organophosphates: Disrupt nervous system; used in agriculture
🔊 Noise Pollution Effects
- Health Impacts: Hearing loss, hypertension, sleep disturbance, anxiety
- WHO Limit: 55 dB (day), 40 dB (night) for residential zones
🧠 Psychological & Behavioral Effects
- Chronic exposure to urban pollution linked to depression, anxiety, cognitive decline
- Children exposed to toxins show developmental delay
📘 Key Reports and Guidelines
- World Health Organization (WHO) – Air Quality Guidelines
- Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) – India Air/Water Quality Index
- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan – improving sanitation and public hygiene
🧠 MCQs – Practice Questions
-
Exposure to PM2.5 is associated with:
(a) Skin disease
(b) Respiratory illness
(c) Hearing loss
(d) Eye infections
Answer: (b) Respiratory illness -
Which metal causes Minamata disease?
(a) Lead
(b) Cadmium
(c) Mercury
(d) Arsenic
Answer: (c) Mercury -
Excess fluoride in drinking water causes:
(a) Hepatitis
(b) Fluorosis
(c) Asthma
(d) Dysentery
Answer: (b) Fluorosis
📌 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
प्रदूषकों का मानव स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव केवल शारीरिक ही नहीं, बल्कि मानसिक और सामाजिक भी है। पर्यावरणीय सुरक्षा और स्वास्थ्य नीति को एकीकृत दृष्टिकोण से देखा जाना आवश्यक है। UGC NET में इनसे संबंधित प्रश्न अक्सर पूछे जाते हैं।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: WHO, CPCB, UGC NET Environment Syllabus:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
📘 Lecture 07: Natural & Energy Resources – Solar, Wind, Hydro, etc. | प्राकृतिक एवं ऊर्जा संसाधन
English: Natural resources are materials provided by the Earth that are used to sustain life and meet human needs. These include both renewable and non-renewable resources. Energy resources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and fossil fuels, are central to development and environmental sustainability.
हिंदी: प्राकृतिक संसाधन वे सभी तत्व हैं जो प्रकृति द्वारा प्रदान किए जाते हैं और मानव जीवन के लिए आवश्यक हैं। इनमें ऊर्जा संसाधन भी शामिल हैं जैसे – सौर, पवन, जलविद्युत, कोयला आदि। सतत विकास के लिए इनके संतुलित उपयोग की आवश्यकता है।
🌳 Types of Natural Resources (प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के प्रकार)
- Renewable Resources: Can be replenished naturally (e.g., solar, wind, water, biomass)
- Non-renewable Resources: Limited in quantity, formed over geological time (e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas, minerals)
- Biotic: Obtained from living things – forests, crops, animals
- Abiotic: Non-living – air, water, soil, minerals
🔋 Renewable Energy Resources
- 🌞 Solar Energy: Clean energy from sunlight; used via solar panels and thermal systems
- 🌬️ Wind Energy: Wind turbines convert wind into electricity; ideal for coastal & open areas
- 💧 Hydro Power: Energy from flowing water; India's largest source of renewable energy
- 🌱 Biomass: Organic matter used as fuel – wood, crop waste, dung
- 🌋 Geothermal: Heat from Earth's interior; available in volcanic areas
🪨 Non-Renewable Energy Resources
- Coal: Fossil fuel; major source of power; polluting
- Petroleum: Used in transport and industry; emits greenhouse gases
- Natural Gas: Cleaner than coal; used for heating and power
- Nuclear Energy: High output; radioactive waste disposal challenge
🌐 Importance & Challenges
- ✅ Energy access is key to development, especially in rural areas
- ⚠️ Fossil fuel depletion, price volatility, and pollution are challenges
- 🔄 Transition to clean energy needed to combat climate change
- 🇮🇳 India’s initiatives: National Solar Mission, Wind Energy Program
📘 Examples & Data (India)
- 🌞 Rajasthan & Gujarat – solar energy leaders
- 🌬️ Tamil Nadu & Karnataka – wind power hubs
- 💧 Tehri & Bhakra Nangal – major hydroelectric projects
- 🚗 40% of India’s energy to come from non-fossil sources by 2030 (target)
🧠 MCQs – Practice Questions
-
Which of the following is a renewable resource?
(a) Coal
(b) Petroleum
(c) Solar energy
(d) Natural gas
Answer: (c) Solar energy -
India’s largest source of renewable energy is:
(a) Biomass
(b) Hydro power
(c) Wind
(d) Geothermal
Answer: (b) Hydro power -
Which mission promotes renewable energy in India?
(a) Make in India
(b) Digital India
(c) National Solar Mission
(d) Ayushman Bharat
Answer: (c) National Solar Mission
📌 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का विवेकपूर्ण उपयोग और नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा की ओर स्थानांतरण ही पर्यावरणीय संतुलन और सतत विकास की कुंजी है। UGC NET जैसी परीक्षाओं में इनसे संबंधित प्रश्न निश्चित रूप से पूछे जाते हैं।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: MNRE, UGC NET Environment Syllabus:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
📘 Lecture 08: Natural Hazards & Disaster Mitigation Strategies | प्राकृतिक आपदाएँ और आपदा शमन रणनीतियाँ
English: Natural hazards are extreme natural events that may cause loss of life and damage to the environment and property. When these hazards affect people and infrastructure, they become disasters. Effective disaster management strategies are vital for minimizing losses.
हिंदी: प्राकृतिक आपदाएँ वे घटनाएँ होती हैं जो प्रकृति में असामान्य रूप से उत्पन्न होती हैं और मानव जीवन, संपत्ति तथा पर्यावरण को हानि पहुँचाती हैं। जब इनका प्रभाव सामाजिक व्यवस्था पर पड़ता है, तब ये आपदा का रूप ले लेती हैं।
🌪️ Types of Natural Hazards (प्राकृतिक आपदाओं के प्रकार)
- Geological: Earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides
- Hydrological: Floods, cloudbursts
- Meteorological: Cyclones, storms, droughts, heatwaves
- Biological: Epidemics, pandemics (e.g., COVID-19)
- Climatological: Forest fires, desertification
🧭 Disaster Risk Management Strategies (आपदा प्रबंधन रणनीतियाँ)
- Preparedness: Early warning systems, mock drills, community training
- Mitigation: Structural measures (e.g., dams, retrofitting buildings), zoning laws
- Response: Emergency rescue, relief distribution, health services
- Recovery: Rehabilitation, reconstruction, psychological support
📘 National Agencies & Framework (भारत में आपदा प्रबंधन)
- NDMA: National Disaster Management Authority (under Disaster Management Act, 2005)
- NIDM: National Institute of Disaster Management – for training & policy
- SDMAs: State Disaster Management Authorities
- Sendai Framework (2015–2030): Global framework for reducing disaster risk
🌐 Major Disasters in India (उदाहरण)
- 2001 – Gujarat Earthquake
- 2004 – Indian Ocean Tsunami
- 2013 – Uttarakhand Flash Floods
- 2018 – Kerala Floods
- 2020 – Amphan Cyclone
📘 Role of Education & Community
- Environmental education in schools and universities
- Community participation in early warning and evacuation drills
- Disaster-resilient infrastructure planning
🧠 MCQs – Practice Questions
-
Which agency is responsible for disaster management in India?
(a) NITI Aayog
(b) NDMA
(c) MoEFCC
(d) IMD
Answer: (b) NDMA -
Sendai Framework is related to:
(a) Climate Change
(b) Education
(c) Disaster Risk Reduction
(d) Health Security
Answer: (c) Disaster Risk Reduction -
Earthquake is an example of:
(a) Biological hazard
(b) Geological hazard
(c) Meteorological hazard
(d) Chemical hazard
Answer: (b) Geological hazard
📌 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से बचाव का सबसे प्रभावी उपाय है जागरूकता, पूर्व तैयारी और आपदा शमन रणनीतियाँ। यह विषय UGC NET में अक्सर पूछा जाता है, विशेष रूप से भारत के संदर्भ में उदाहरणों सहित।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: NDMA Guidelines, UGC NET Environment Syllabus:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
📘 Lecture 09: Environmental Protection Act (1986), NGT, NAPCC | पर्यावरण संरक्षण अधिनियम, राष्ट्रीय हरित अधिकरण एवं राष्ट्रीय कार्य योजना
English: India has adopted a legal and policy-based approach for environmental conservation. The EPA 1986, National Green Tribunal (NGT), and National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) are three major initiatives for safeguarding environmental quality and ensuring climate resilience.
हिंदी: भारत में पर्यावरण संरक्षण के लिए विधिक और नीतिगत ढाँचे का निर्माण किया गया है। इनमें प्रमुख हैं: पर्यावरण संरक्षण अधिनियम 1986, राष्ट्रीय हरित अधिकरण (NGT), और जलवायु परिवर्तन पर राष्ट्रीय कार्य योजना (NAPCC)।
📜 Environmental Protection Act, 1986 (EPA)
- Enacted: After the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984)
- Objective: To provide for the protection and improvement of the environment
- Key Features:
- Empowers the central government to take necessary measures
- Defines “environment,” “environmental pollutant,” “hazardous substance”
- Power to set standards, inspect, and close polluting industries
- Section 3 – Central Govt. can take measures to protect environment
- Penalty: Violation leads to imprisonment (up to 5 years) and/or fine
⚖️ National Green Tribunal (NGT)
- Established: 2010 under the NGT Act, 2010
- Motto: “Justice for Environment”
- Functions:
- Adjudication of environmental disputes within 6 months
- Follows principles of natural justice, not strict civil procedure
- Provides compensation for victims of pollution and environmental degradation
- Example Cases: Yamuna River Clean-up, Artillery shelling in forests, Illegal mining
🌱 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
- Launched: 2008 by PM’s Council on Climate Change
- Goal: Sustainable development while addressing climate challenges
- Comprises 8 Missions:
- National Solar Mission
- National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
- National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
- National Water Mission
- National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem
- National Mission for a Green India
- National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
- National Knowledge Mission on Climate Change
- State-Level Adaptation: SAPCC – State Action Plans on Climate Change
📘 Constitutional Provisions Related to Environment
- Article 48A – State to protect and improve the environment
- Article 51A(g) – Fundamental duty of every citizen to protect nature
🧠 MCQs – Practice Questions
-
Which Act was passed after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?
(a) Water Act
(b) Forest Act
(c) Environmental Protection Act
(d) Biodiversity Act
Answer: (c) Environmental Protection Act -
How many missions are included in NAPCC?
(a) 6
(b) 8
(c) 10
(d) 12
Answer: (b) 8 -
What is the main objective of NGT?
(a) Forest conservation
(b) Fast-track disposal of environmental cases
(c) Agricultural development
(d) Urban planning
Answer: (b) Fast-track disposal of environmental cases
📌 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
भारत में पर्यावरण संरक्षण के लिए EPA, NGT और NAPCC जैसे संस्थागत ढाँचे स्थापित किए गए हैं जो न केवल पर्यावरणीय न्याय सुनिश्चित करते हैं, बल्कि सतत विकास को भी बढ़ावा देते हैं। UGC NET में इससे संबंधित प्रश्न नियमित रूप से पूछे जाते हैं।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: MoEFCC, UGC NET Environment Syllabus:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
📘 Lecture 10: International Environmental Conventions (1972–2025) | अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पर्यावरण सम्मेलन
English: International environmental conventions aim to bring global cooperation on pressing ecological challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. Since 1972, several key global summits and treaties have shaped modern environmental governance.
हिंदी: अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पर्यावरण सम्मेलन वैश्विक स्तर पर जलवायु परिवर्तन, जैव विविधता संरक्षण और प्रदूषण नियंत्रण के लिए सहयोगात्मक प्रयासों का आधार रहे हैं। 1972 से अब तक अनेक महत्वपूर्ण संधियाँ और घोषणाएँ की गई हैं।
🗓️ Chronological List of Important Conventions (1972–2025)
- 1972 – Stockholm Conference (UN Conference on Human Environment): First major conference. Led to UNEP’s creation.
- 1985 – Vienna Convention: Protection of ozone layer framework.
- 1987 – Montreal Protocol: Legally binding treaty to phase out ozone-depleting substances (CFCs).
- 1992 – Earth Summit (UNCED), Rio de Janeiro: Sustainable development emphasized. Outcome documents:
- Agenda 21
- Rio Declaration
- Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)
- 1997 – Kyoto Protocol: First binding commitment for developed nations to reduce GHGs.
- 2000 – Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Regulates GMOs across borders.
- 2002 – Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10): Focus on implementation of sustainable development goals.
- 2010 – Nagoya Protocol: Access and benefit sharing from genetic resources under CBD.
- 2012 – Rio+20 (The Future We Want): Green economy and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) concept emerged.
- 2015 – Paris Agreement: Legal treaty under UNFCCC to limit global warming to below 2°C. INDCs introduced.
- 2016 – Kigali Amendment: Extension of Montreal Protocol to include HFCs.
- 2017 – ISA (International Solar Alliance): India-led initiative to promote solar energy.
- 2022 – UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP-15): Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework adopted.
- 2023 – UNFCCC COP-28, Dubai: First Global Stocktake on climate action progress.
- 2025 (Upcoming): UN Water Conference (Review of SDG 6 – Clean Water & Sanitation) and Mid-term review of Paris Goals.
🌍 Key Indian Initiatives in Global Agreements
- 🔆 Founding member of International Solar Alliance (ISA)
- 🌱 National Missions under NAPCC align with global climate goals
- 🇮🇳 Ratified Paris Agreement in 2016 with ambitious INDCs
- 🌊 Hosted G20 Environment Meeting 2023
🧠 MCQs – Practice Questions
-
Which treaty focuses on phasing out ozone-depleting substances?
(a) Kyoto Protocol
(b) Montreal Protocol
(c) Paris Agreement
(d) Cartagena Protocol
Answer: (b) Montreal Protocol -
What was the key output of the 1992 Rio Summit?
(a) Kigali Amendment
(b) Agenda 21
(c) INDCs
(d) Kyoto Protocol
Answer: (b) Agenda 21 -
India launched which global renewable energy initiative?
(a) SDG Platform
(b) UNCCD
(c) ISA
(d) UNEP
Answer: (c) ISA
📌 निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
पर्यावरणीय चुनौतियाँ वैश्विक हैं, इसलिए समाधान भी वैश्विक सहयोग से ही संभव हैं। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सम्मेलन, समझौते और भारत की भागीदारी UGC NET जैसी परीक्षाओं के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
✍️ Prepared by: Law Order & Civil Rights | Source: UNEP, UNFCCC, MoEFCC, UGC NET Syllabus:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
🧭 Table of Contents – ICT & Environment Lectures (UGC NET Paper 1)
Click on each topic to jump directly to the full bilingual lecture with examples and MCQs.
| Lecture | Topic | Jump Link |
|---|---|---|
| 01 | Introduction to ICT | Go to Lecture |
| 02 | Human & Environment Interaction (Anthropogenic Impact) | Go to Lecture |
| 03 | Environmental Issues – Air, Water, Soil Pollution | Go to Lecture |
| 04 | Noise, Biomedical, Electronic & Hazardous Waste | Go to Lecture |
| 05 | Climate Change – Socio-Economic & Political Impact | Go to Lecture |
| 06 | Impact of Pollutants on Human Health | Go to Lecture |
| 07 | Natural & Energy Resources – Solar, Wind, Hydro | Go to Lecture |
| 08 | Natural Hazards & Disaster Mitigation | Go to Lecture |
| 09 | EPA 1986, NGT, NAPCC | Go to Lecture |
| 10 | International Agreements (1972–2025) | Go to Lecture |
📝 Note: हर लेक्चर हिंदी और अंग्रेज़ी दोनों में है, साथ में MCQs और परीक्षा के लिए उपयुक्त उदाहरण शामिल हैं। यह सारणी UGC NET, GATE, शिक्षक भर्ती और पर्यावरणीय जागरूकता कार्यक्रमों के लिए अत्यंत उपयोगी है।
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